| An Introduction To Tourism |
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DESTINATION CHANGE INFLUENCERS
Main traditions of tourism planning
Tourism planning occurs in a number of:
- forms: development, infrastructure, promotion, marketing
- structures: government and non-government organisations
- scales: international, national, regional, local, firm and sectoral
- times
Tourism planning:
- must be strategic and integrative
- must have a regional planning perspective
- should be pluralistic (social, economic and physical dimensions)
- is political (Gunn, 1988, as cited in Hall, 2007)
Table 9 shows the five broad traditions of tourism planning (Getz, 1987; Hall 2000a, as cited in Hall, 2007). These will be displayed by the traditions and a description of each. This was derived from reviewing credible literature.
Table 9: Traditions of tourism planning
- forms: development, infrastructure, promotion, marketing
- structures: government and non-government organisations
- scales: international, national, regional, local, firm and sectoral
- times
Tourism planning:
- must be strategic and integrative
- must have a regional planning perspective
- should be pluralistic (social, economic and physical dimensions)
- is political (Gunn, 1988, as cited in Hall, 2007)
Table 9 shows the five broad traditions of tourism planning (Getz, 1987; Hall 2000a, as cited in Hall, 2007). These will be displayed by the traditions and a description of each. This was derived from reviewing credible literature.
Table 9: Traditions of tourism planning
Source: Hall (2007)
Key points of the table:
- there are five broad traditions of tourism planning
- boosterism is the least favourable, with a sustainable approach being the most favourable
Key points of the table:
- there are five broad traditions of tourism planning
- boosterism is the least favourable, with a sustainable approach being the most favourable
How and why destinations change
The synergistic relationship between demand (tourists) and the supply (destination) means tourist destinations are constantly forced to changed their services and products (Getz, 1999, as cited in Hall, 2007).
The relationship is explored through the following Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model created by Butler (1980). His concept recognises the tourist area cycle of evolution and shows the various stages of development that a destination passes through when planning is not implemented (Hall, 2007).
The relationship is explored through the following Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model created by Butler (1980). His concept recognises the tourist area cycle of evolution and shows the various stages of development that a destination passes through when planning is not implemented (Hall, 2007).
(Butler, 1980)
Table 10 shows the stages in Butler's (1980) TALC. These will be displayed by the stages and a description of each. This was derived from reviewing credible literature.
Table 10: Stages of Butler's (1980) TALC
Table 10: Stages of Butler's (1980) TALC
Source: Butler (1980)
Key points of the table:
- there are six stages a destination goes through when planning is not implemented
- involvement is the ideal stage, as the community still has control and changes are still able to be made.
This model can be used during the planning process and when managing tourism resources, as specific stages in the evolutionary sequence of a destination are explained as well as possible future trends. However, when using this model, it is vital to understand that not all stages of the cycle are as clear, or long lasting as other stages.
This cycle is more likely to occur in destinations that may develop a dependency on tourism and are outside the major international areas, rather than destinations that are already international, where lots of international hotel chains can be found.
Key points of the table:
- there are six stages a destination goes through when planning is not implemented
- involvement is the ideal stage, as the community still has control and changes are still able to be made.
This model can be used during the planning process and when managing tourism resources, as specific stages in the evolutionary sequence of a destination are explained as well as possible future trends. However, when using this model, it is vital to understand that not all stages of the cycle are as clear, or long lasting as other stages.
This cycle is more likely to occur in destinations that may develop a dependency on tourism and are outside the major international areas, rather than destinations that are already international, where lots of international hotel chains can be found.
An integrative sustainable approach to tourism development
The primary goal of a sustainable approach to tourism development is the provision of lasting and secure livelihoods that reduce resource depletion, environment degradation, cultural disruption and social instability (Hall, 2007).
Educational, integrative and strategic aspects of tourism must be added to community planning for an integrative sustainable approach to be adopted (Murphy & Murphy, 2004, as cited in Hall, 2007). This approach involves stakeholders more regularly throughout the planning process (Hall, 2007) as it 'assumes that better decisions result from open, participative processes' (Lang, 1988, as cited in Hall, 2007). Thus is assists in the more equal distribution of the costs and benefits of tourism development.
Table 11 shows the elements of a synergistic tourism planning approach. These will be displayed by the various elements and a description of each. This was derived from reviewing credible literature.
Table 11: Elements of a synergistic tourism planning approach.
Educational, integrative and strategic aspects of tourism must be added to community planning for an integrative sustainable approach to be adopted (Murphy & Murphy, 2004, as cited in Hall, 2007). This approach involves stakeholders more regularly throughout the planning process (Hall, 2007) as it 'assumes that better decisions result from open, participative processes' (Lang, 1988, as cited in Hall, 2007). Thus is assists in the more equal distribution of the costs and benefits of tourism development.
Table 11 shows the elements of a synergistic tourism planning approach. These will be displayed by the various elements and a description of each. This was derived from reviewing credible literature.
Table 11: Elements of a synergistic tourism planning approach.
Source: After Tourism South Australia (1991); Hall (2007).
Key points:
- there are six elements involved in a synergistic planning approach
- these ensure the successful use of pre-planning, community involvement, research and evaluation of impacts and resources.
Key points:
- there are six elements involved in a synergistic planning approach
- these ensure the successful use of pre-planning, community involvement, research and evaluation of impacts and resources.
